For many experimental participants, the

booklet and its guide to bra purchase became a mother/daughter project, opening up the topic for discussion by easing embarrassment and self-consciousness. The improvement in bra fit and breast support suggests that a booklet such as this, designed to appeal to the target audience, could be used by physiotherapists IWR-1 chemical structure to educate and improve the breast support knowledge and behaviour of their adolescent female patients. Incorporating bra fit and breast support education as part of physiotherapy intervention for musculoskeletal disorders associated with poor posture, or as part of sports coverage of female sporting teams and athletes, could improve outcomes and promote physical activity with its associated health benefits. However, further research investigating the effect of bra education on long-term reduction of musculoskeletal complaints I-BET151 is recommended. eAddenda:

Table 4, Appendix 1 available at JoP. physiotherapy.asn.au Note: The breast education booklet that was developed as a part of this study is available from: Breast Research Australia, Biomechanics Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. www.uow.edu.au/bookshop. Ethics: The University of Wollongong Human Research Ethics crotamiton Committee approved this study. All participants and their parents gave written informed consent before data collection began. Competing interests: None declared. Support: IMB Community Foundation and the New South Wales Sporting Injury Committee. Acknowledgements: The authors thank the IMB Community Foundation and the New South Wales Sporting Injury Committee for funding

the booklet and research project. Thanks are also extended to the athletes and coaches from the Illawarra Academy of Sport, South West Sydney Academy of Sport, Northern Inland Academy of Sport, and North Coast Academy of Sport, who participated in this study. “
“Sinusitis is frequently encountered in general practice. The one-year incidence in primary care in Norway has been reported to be approximately 3.5 per 100 adults (Lindbaek, 2004). In the United States, sinusitis is reported to affect 1 in 7 adults each year (Rosenfeld et al 2007a), and sinusitis accounts for 15–21% of antibiotic prescriptions for adult outpatients (Ahovuo-Saloranta et al 2008). The term rhinosinusitis is often used and acute rhinosinusitis may be classified further into acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and viral rhinosinusitis based on symptoms (Rosenfeld et al 2007a). Antibiotics should only be prescribed for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Distinguishing viral from bacterial infections is particularly challenging in the acute stages (Lindbaek, 2007).

Certains insulinomes malins peuvent apparaître lors du diagnostic comme des TNE pancréatiques non fonctionnelles devenant secondairement fonctionnelles lors de la rechute. Ainsi, le degré de sévérité des hypoglycémies diffère d’un patient à l’autre. Le délai de diagnostic par rapport aux premières manifestations neuroglycopéniques ou adrénergiques

est également extrêmement variable (1 mois à 17 ans) [25] and [28]. La présentation d’emblée métastatique semble être la plus fréquente. Plus rarement, la malignité est établie a posteriori par le constat d’une récidive tumorale après l’exérèse première d’un insulinome classé bénin. Cette situation concernerait, d’après Hirshberg et al., environ 2 % de l’ensemble des insulinomes Ipatasertib manufacturer [28]. Parmi les cas malins, la fréquence de this website métastases hépatiques métachrones rapportée par deux centres est de 8 et 11 % [7] and [25]. Dans leur expérience, le délai de rechute hépatique varie de 3 à 9 ans [11] and [25]. Bien que non démontré spécifiquement au sein de populations d’insulinomes, il est probable que le groupe des tumeurs pancréatiques à pronostic incertain (selon la classification OMS 2004) constitue la majorité des patients à risque de rechute. Une surveillance prolongée de ces cas est souhaitable [29]. C’est

l’exploration biologique qui établit le diagnostic d’hyperinsulinisme endogène organique(encadré 2).Cependant, les marqueurs biologiques n’ont pas de rôle démontré ni dans l’établissement du pronostic ni dans le suivi tumoral. La stratégie exploratoire est conduite de la même manière

que l’on suspecte une tumeur bénigne ou maligne. Les Metalloexopeptidase critères du diagnostic biologique d’hypersécrétion inappropriée d’insuline (ou de pro-insuline) ainsi que les seuils utilisés sont identiques [30]. Dans la série monocentrique de Begu-Le Corroller et al., les valeurs d’insulinémie et de C-peptide sont 2 à 3 fois plus élevées dans les formes malignes et l’hypoglycémie lors de l’épreuve de jeûne survient plus tôt en cas de malignité [7] and [25]. Critères cliniques • Malaise survenant à jeun ou après un effort ; Critères biologiques • Glycémie veineuse : ≤ 0,45 g/L (< 2,5 mmol/L) ; En cas d’insulinome malin de bon pronostic dont le suivi clinique est régulier, si les hypoglycémies sont maîtrisées, l’intérêt d’une surveillance systématique supplémentaire des glycémies capillaires ou veineuses est à apprécier individuellement. La surveillance glycémique est plutôt envisagée dans les formes sévères ou réservée aux périodes d’évaluation, en raison du caractère anxiogène de ces analyses répétées. On respectera toutefois le choix des malades qui peuvent percevoir ces procédures comme sécurisantes. Le dosage de chromogranine A, élevé dans 50 % des cas, est réalisé comme dans toutes les tumeurs neuroendocrines du pancréas[25]. Les autres dosages hormonaux sont discutés au cas par cas, en fonction de la présentation clinique[28].

Furthermore, we conducted linear regression analyses to investigate whether: (1) the percentage of smokers in the workgroup predicts change in smoking status; (2) the average body mass index in the workgroup predicts weight change (change in BMI); and (3) average physical

activity level predicts change in physical activity. To avoid response bias introducing spurious associations, we calculated the number of smokers, levels of body mass index and physical activity as the average of baseline and follow-up values. In other words, we looked at the association between change in score and average score (Bland and Altman, 1986). Potential non-linear effects were evaluated through quadratic terms; these were INK 128 in vitro significant with regard to smoking status. In the case of quadratic effects, we centralized the variable for average share of smokers to avoid issues with multicollinearity. All the statistical analyses were performed with SAS Proc Glimmix and Proc GLM, version 9.2 (SAS Institute). Table 1 presents descriptive Androgen Receptor Antagonist cell line statistics of the participant and workgroups at baseline and follow-up. On average, the respondents were 46.5 years old and had worked at their current workplace for approximately 9.5 years

at baseline. 82% of the respondents worked as health care workers, while approximately 7% were managers and 10% held another type of work position (such as janitor and secretary). Respondents had an average baseline BMI of 24.91, which increased to 25.15 at follow-up. Of the respondents who smoked at baseline, 13.75% had quit by the time of follow-up. The analyses on workgroup level illustrate workgroup variation for some variables. For example, in the quartile of workgroups with lowest smoking, only 17% of employees smoke, while 52% smoked in the quartile of workgroups with highest level of smoking. Table 2 presents the results from the multilevel regression models, showing how much of the variation in each outcome

that is explained by workgroup. Three of the eight outcomes were significant at the 0.05 level. Specifically, we found that 6.49% of the variation in baseline smoking status (p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 4.46–10.22), 6.56% of the variation in amount smoked (p = < 0.0001; oxyclozanide 95% CI: 4.59–10.09) and 2.62% in BMI (p = 0.0002; 95% CI: 1.20–3.97) was explained by workgroup. Also, 1.11% of the variation in LTPA was explained by workgroup, albeit only borderline significant (p = 0.0620; 95% CI: 0.43–6.77). In small workgroups, only the variation in smoking and amount smoked was significantly explained by workgroups (results not shown). We found similar results in additional analyses where gender, age and cohabitation status were included as fixed effects (results not shown). Results from the linear regression analyses are presented in Table 3. We found support for two of our three tested outcomes.

Microwave irradiation has been successfully employed in the synthesis of some quinazolinone derivatives in moderate to good yields. Synthesized compounds have been characterized using IR, 1H and

13C NMR and mass spectra analysis. Antimicrobial activity of synthesized compounds and starting material (anthranilamide) LY2109761 molecular weight has been evaluated using both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. The results indicate that the synthesized compounds clearly show broad spectrum antibacterial activity. All authors have none to declare. “
“In vitro assays are increasingly being used in drug metabolism studies to screen novel chemicals. Their advantages are twofold: first, they allow testing early in the drug discovery phase, providing

important PF-02341066 purchase information on chemical characteristics; second, human cells or cell constituents can be utilized, increasing the relevance to man. 1 Cell-based in vitro models not only help to reduce the number of animals used but are also much faster to perform, more cost effective and give more reproducible data than animal studies. 2 The model system used was chick embryo fibroblasts, which constitute a primary cell culture system and is considered to be very close to human system. The study was planned in tune with one of the primary objectives of our research group, which is to standardize the use of alternative experimental systems for studying the protective Org 27569 effects of plant extracts and products, thereby minimizing the use of live animals in research. An elaborate pilot study was conducted by our research group on the antioxidant content present in the leaves of Zea mays at different stages of growth namely 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30th days after sowing. Among these the leaves on 10th day of growth was found to have maximum content of all the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants. In order to throw light on the chemical

nature of the active components, extracts of the leaves were prepared in three solvents of different polarity namely water, methanol and chloroform. Different doses were tried and all the three extracts with 20 mg concentration were found to possess maximum antioxidant activity. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in Zea mays leaves. The present study centres on determining the anti-apoptotic effects of Zea mays leaf extracts on apoptosis induced in primary chick embryo fibroblasts cells by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Zea mays seeds were obtained from TNAU in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. They were grown within the university campus in pots. The plant was taken at 10th day after sowing. The plantlets were uprooted and washed thoroughly with running tap water. Then the leaves were blotted dry between folds of filter paper to remove water droplets.

While increasing immunization coverage is a complex structural and behavioral process, financial incentives may improve routine immunization coverage in developing countries. Food/medicine coupon incentives increased immunization coverage in our low-income communities. Governments could use the strategy of economic incentives to target the poorest areas that have constantly selleck chemicals shown slow progress despite continuous efforts. The authors would like to thank Ismat Lotia for her assistance in data management and Waseem Akbar for ensuring the smooth running of the study. “
“High

risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) have been proved to be the etiologic agents of cervical cancer [1], which ranks as the second most frequent cancer in women all over the world. Among all HPV types, HPV 16 and HPV 18 are two of the most prevalent types in cervical cancer worldwide. However, the distribution of other HPV types varies in different regions. In Asia, HPV 58 is the third most prevalent type in cervical cancer [2], especially in China, where the prevalence of HPV 58 is as high as 7.2% [3]. Besides, in South America and Oceania, the prevalence

of HPV 58 in high-grade lesions patients are 8.4% and 10.4%, respectively, which makes HPV58 as the second most prevalent type in those patients [4]. HPV58 is also the second most common type in both high-grade lesions and low-grade lesions in Central America BYL719 manufacturer and Asia [2] and [4]. The major capsid protein (L1) of HPV can self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) [5] and [6]. L1 VLPs are highly immunogenic and are considered to be an ideal candidate for prophylactic vaccines. However, the neutralizing antibodies induced by L1 VLPs are predominantly type specific with the exception of the closely related types (about 85% L1 amino acid identity) which have weak cross-reactivities [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] and [13]. Furthermore, vaccination with VLPs or virions derived from one animal Papillomavirus type does not protect against experimental infections from different animal types [14], [15] and [16]. Currently licensed HPV 16/18/6/11 quadrivalent

and HPV 16/18 bivalent HPV L1 VLPs vaccines contained two most prevalent types in cervical ever cancer (HPV 16 and 18). The clinical trials of HPV 16/18 bivalent vaccine showed that this vaccine could partially protect against incident infection with HPV 45 and 31, but the vaccine efficacy against HPV 58 was very low [17] and [18]. Analysis of HPV 16/18/6/11 quadrivalent vaccine showed that it only had a 27% efficacy in preventing CIN 1–3 associated with nonvaccine types [19]. Thus, it is of great importance to develop prophylactic vaccines containing HPV 58 to meet the demands of HPV 58 prevalent regions. Many reports demonstrated that immunization with multiple antigens could induce immune interference [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28] and [29].

In 10 transmission cases, HRV vaccine strain was detected in the stool samples of placebo recipients after the twin receiving the HRV vaccine had started excreting rotavirus antigen in the stools. However, in selleck chemical the remaining five transmission cases, HRV vaccine strain was detected in the stool of placebo recipients either before or at the same time of the first detection of rotavirus antigen excretion in the twin receiving the HRV vaccine. Live virus was identified in three transmission cases and no gastroenteritis symptoms were reported in these infants (Table 1). Samples collected from nine other twins

receiving the placebo with presence of vaccine virus antigen in at least one stool sample were tested negative for live virus. The stool samples from three other infants were not tested AUY-922 supplier for presence of live virus due to insufficient quantity of the samples. The mean duration of rotavirus shedding among the transmission cases was 4.7 days in comparison to 8.8 days in the corresponding HRV recipients. None of the 15 transmission cases was associated with any gastroenteritis symptoms. Most of the rotavirus antigen excretion was observed after Dose 1 of HRV vaccine, with peak excretion observed on Day 6 after Dose 1 (50.0% of infants) and Day 8 after Dose 2 (18.9% of infants). Rotavirus excretion at combined time point was observed in 77.5%

(95% CI: 66.8–86.1%) of infants in HRV group. Genetic sequencing of rotavirus genome in the transmission cases (placebo group) and in their respective vaccine-recipient twins revealed that genetic variation was observed mainly in the VP4, VP7, NSP3 and NSP4 genes.

The random mutation patterns observed in the transmission cases and their corresponding vaccine recipients were similar. In addition, the transmission cases did not raise any safety concerns with respect to rotavirus vaccine strain reverting to its virulent form or in terms of gastroenteritis episodes. Anti-rotavirus seroconversion was observed in 50 (62.5% [95% CI: 51.0–73.1%]) HRV recipients and 17 (21.3% [95% CI: 12.9–31.8%]) placebo recipients 7 weeks post-Dose 2. Of the 17 infants who seroconverted in the placebo group, 13 were due to natural infection and four due to vaccine strain transmission (including one of these four infants who presented G1P[8] wild type rotavirus strain in Rutecarpine the stool samples before vaccine strain transmission). The antibody concentrations attained in seropositive infants were 271 U/ml (95% CI: 178.7–411.2) and 290.6 U/ml (95% CI: 129.5–652.4) in the HRV and placebo groups, respectively. Among the 15 transmission cases, four infants (26.7% [95% CI: 7.8–55.1%]) were seropositive at post-vaccination blood sampling time point (7 weeks post-Dose 2). The anti-rotavirus IgA antibody GMC in these four infants was 248.3 U/ml (95% CI: 46.1–1338.4) (Table 2). The remaining 11 transmission cases had anti-rotavirus GMC < 20 U/ml regardless of virus strain transmission.

The investigator and collaborative team include: The University of Birmingham: P Adab (PI), T Barratt, KK Cheng, A Daley, J Duda, P Gill, M Pallan, and J Parry; the Nutritional Epidemiology Group at the University of Leeds: J Cade; the MRC Epidemiology PI3K targets Unit, Cambridge: U Ekelund; the University of Edinburgh: R Bhopal; Birmingham City Council: S Passmore; Heart of Birmingham PCT: M Howard; and Birmingham Community Nutrition and Dietetic Service: E McGee. We thank the dedicated team of researchers at the University of Birmingham for managing and co-ordinating the project. “
“The effect of the built environment on

physical activity is a topical issue in public health (Shay et al., 2003). Interventions directed at the “walkability” of the built environment have been promoted to encourage healthy active living. Walkability is a complex concept, and definitions are varied as are approaches to operationalizing the concept using modeling techniques. The concept of walkability will continue to be context-specific until there exists a validated and consistent list of environmental correlates of walking. Many studies have examined the correlates of adult walking, with some consensus

that adult walking is related to density, mixed land use, pedestrian infrastructure (e.g. sidewalks, crosswalks) high connectivity (grid network, short Dichloromethane dehalogenase block lengths, many intersections, few cul-de-sacs/dead ends) and accessibility Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight to multiple destinations (Saelens and Handy, 2008, Saelens et al., 2003 and Shay et al., 2003). Walkability studies for elementary school children generally focus on walking to school, which has consistently been negatively associated with distance (Pont et al., 2009, Sirard and Slater, 2008 and Wong et al., 2011), and positively associated with population density (Braza et al., 2004, Bringolf-Isler et al., 2008, Kerr

et al., 2006, Kweon et al., 2006, McDonald, 2007, Mitra et al., 2010b and Wong et al., 2011). Associations with land use, pedestrian infrastructure and connectivity have been inconsistent and often contradictory to findings in adult studies (Pont et al., 2009 and Wong et al., 2011). Environmental features correlated with adult walking may be different than those for children because of differing destinations and purposes for walking. Varied methods of measurement for both built environment and walking outcomes may contribute to inconsistent results (Pont et al., 2009, Saelens and Handy, 2008, Sirard and Slater, 2008, Sirard et al., 2005 and Wong et al., 2011). Walking outcome has generally been measured through parent/child report using different outcome definitions (e.g. usual trip, trip per/week), time frames, and targeted age ranges.

Ensuring that vaccination does not lead to more severe PID on subsequent exposure to infection will be difficult until we have better diagnostic tests. Ensuring that it does not lead to an increased incidence of infertility or ectopic pregnancy will require a large sample size and prolonged follow up. On the other hand, AZD6244 datasheet it would be relatively easy to study the impact of vaccination on the severity of inflammatory disease

in the eye, and on the incidence or progression of scarring, through frequent examination of study subjects in trachoma endemic communities. The development of a vaccine against Ct has been held back by the widely held belief that whole organism trachoma vaccines enhanced disease severity on subsequent ocular challenge. There is no convincing evidence of this from human vaccine trials. The

evidence comes from studies in non-human primates, in whom increased inflammation was seen in vaccinated animals; but the development of scarring sequelae was not evaluated in these studies. Recent studies in trachoma endemic populations have identified new vaccine candidate antigens, immunological pathways associated with disease selleck screening library resolution and with progressive fibrosis, and biomarkers which predict the outcome of infection. Our understanding of pathogenesis is likely to advance rapidly now that it is possible to genetically manipulate Chlamydia [100]. This new knowledge is likely to hasten the development of a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine, which could be easily evaluated in trachoma endemic communities. Careful thought would need to be given to the recruitment of study subjects since, in communities with a high prevalence, primary infection is likely to occur in early childhood. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and do not necessarily represent the views, decisions or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. “
“Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease (Gc). Gonorrhea is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, with significant immediate and long-term morbidity and mortality. In sexually active adolescents and adults Gc causes clinically inapparent mucosal infections (most common in women), symptomatic urethritis and cervicitis, upper urogenital tract infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Extra-genital rectal and pharyngeal infections occur frequently and coinfections with other sexually transmitted pathogens are common. Systemic or disseminated gonococcal infections (DGI) are infrequent (0.5–3%), occur mainly in women, and include a characteristic gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, suppurative arthritis, and rarely endocarditis, meningitis or other localized infections.

Sepsis was clinically suspected in

the presence of previously described signs [14] and [15] Birinapant and confirmed by culture or RT-PCR for N. meningitidis. All patients aged 0–18 years admitted with a diagnosis of meningitis or sepsis to the participating centers during the study period were included in the study. Data regarding age, sex, clinical presentation, blood tests, radiologic exams and vaccination status were collected. Biological samples were obtained as part of routine exams for etiologic definition. The study, partially funded by the Italian Center for Disease Control (CCM), was approved by the local institutional review board. Samples of blood and/or CSF, according to the clinical presentation, were obtained from all children included in the study as soon as possible after hospital admission and were used for molecular testing by RT-PCR and/or culture. All samples for cultural

tests were immediately sent to the local laboratory using the procedures established by each hospital for culture tests. All samples for molecular tests were sent to the central Laboratory (Immunology Laboratory, Anna Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy) using a free-post carrier, delivered within the following day and tested within 2 h after delivery. All the samples for molecular tests were accompanied by a form collecting demographic and laboratory data and the main clinical findings of the patient. For culture purposes, 4–6 ml of blood samples (up to 3 sets) were used. All cases in which RT-PCR or culture demonstrated the presence of N. meningitidis were serogrouped using molecular Selleckchem BMS 754807 techniques; in the central Laboratory 200 μl

of whole blood were used for both diagnosis and serogrouping by RT-PCR. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from 200 μl of biological samples using the QIAmp Dneasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-PCR amplification was performed in 25 μl reaction volumes containing 2× TaqMan Universal Master Mix (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA); primers were used at a concentration of 400 nM; FAM labeled probes at a concentration of 200 nM. Six μl of DNA extract was used for each reaction. All reactions were performed in triplicate. A negative control (no-template) and a positive control were included in every run. DNA was amplified in an ABI 7500 sequence detection system (Applied Biosystem, Foster Idoxuridine City, CA, USA) using, for all the primers couples, the same cycling parameters as follows: 50° for 2 min for UNG digestion 95 °C for 10 min followed by 45 cycles of a two-stage temperature profile of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 1 min. If no increase in fluorescent signal was observed after 40 cycles, the sample was assumed to be negative. All samples which were positive in Realtime-PCR for ctra gene were included in serogrouping analysis. The following serogroups were tested: A, B, C, W135, Y using primers and probes as described in Table 1. Data was processed with the SPSSX 11.

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). P values: P < 0.05 (a); P < 0.01 (b); P < 0.001 (c) compared to the control value, respectively. n-Hexacosane (1): mp 56–58 °C,11 white solid, C26H54,m/z 366 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 2940, 2880, 730, 720. Polypodatetraene (2): pale yellow oil,12 C30H50, m/z 410

(M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 1650, 1630, 1385, 1370, 890.1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5.12 (3H, t), 2.01–1.15 (38H, m), 0.88 (3H, s), 0.85 (3H, s) and 0.82 (3H, Navitoclax cell line s). α-Amyrin acetate (3): mp 222–223 °C,13 and 14 white needles, C32H52O2, m/z 468 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 1730, 1650, 1380, 1350, 1250. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5.12 (1H, t), 4.50 (1H, dd), 2.05 (3H, s), 1.93-1.13 (23H, m), 1.06–0.78 (8 × CH3). Gluanol acetate (4): mp 184–85 °C,14 white needles, C32H52O2, m/z 468 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr):

1740, 1640, 1380, 1350, 1240, 970, 820. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5.18 (2H, m), 4.50 (1H, m), 2.05 (3H, s), 1.98–1.13 (22H, m) and 1.06-0.79 (9 × CH3). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 171.0 (C O, C-1′), 145.2 (C-8), 139.7 (C-9), 124.3 (C-22), 121.6 (C-33), 80.9 (C-3), 59.0 (C-17), 55.2 (C-14), 47.5 (C-5), 41.6 (C-20), 39.7 (C-13), 37.7 (C-4), 34.7 (C-10), 33.3 (C-25), 39.6–25.9 (9 × CH2), GSK126 research buy 23.5–15.5 (9 × CH3). Lupeol acetate (5): mp 278–80 °C,15 white needles, C32H52O2, m/z 468 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 1750, 1640, 1385, 1360, 1310, 1245, 880. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): PDK4 4.69

(1H, broad s), 4.57 (1H, broad s), 4.40 (1H, m), 2.37 (1H, m), 2.04 (3H, s), 1.68 (3H, s), 1.64-1.20 (24H, m), 1.04 (3H, s), 0.97 (3H, s), 0.87 (3H, s), 0.85 (3H, s), 0.83 (3H, s), 0.78 (3H, s). β-Amyrin acetate (6): mp 236–37 °C,14 white powder, C32H52O2, m/z 468 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 1730, 1650, 1380, 1360, 1250, 960, 820. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 5.12 (1H, t), 4.50 (1H, dd), 2.05 (3H, s), 1.93-1.13 (23H, m), 1.06–0.78 (8 × CH3). Bergenin (7): mp 236–38 °C,16 and 17 white granules, C14H16O9, m/z 328 (M+), IR (vmax) cm−1 (KBr): 3400 (broad) 1705, 1620, 1250, 1180, 1125, 1040, 1020, 990, 760. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): 7.58 (s, H-7), 4.85 (d,J = 10.2 Hz), 4.06 (dd, J = 12.3, 9.6 Hz), 3.99 (d, J = 6.0 Hz), 3.91 (3H, s, H-12), 3.85 (dd, J = 9.3, 8.7 Hz), 3.70 (1H, m, H-2), 3.49 (1H, t, J = 9.3 Hz). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz): 163.5 (C-6), 151.0 (C-8), 148.0 (C-10), 140.8 (C-9), 118.0 (C-6a), 115.5 (C-10a), 110.1 (C-7), 81.8 (C-4a), 79.8 (C-2), 74.1 (C-4), 73.0 (C-10b), 70.7 (C-3), 61.5 (C-11), 60.1 (OMe).