The effects of temperature and catalysts on the product distributions and bio-oil compositions were investigated. The highest total bio-oil yield obtained at 300 degrees C with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate was 34.9

wt%, whereas the total bio-oil yields from the non-catalytic run and the run with H3BO3 at 300 degrees C were 24.6 wt% and 19.1 wt%, respectively. Although the composition of bio-oils was similar in all runs, some compounds such as furfural and furfural derivatives were not observed in the light and heavy bio-oils produced from the non-catalytic run and the run with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate at 300 degrees C. The light bio-oils Selleck PCI 32765 from all runs contained mainly oxygenated hydrocarbons. The major compounds in HBOs were the following: 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one and GDC 0032 inhibitor 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone for disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid for the non-catalytic run and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid for the run with boric

acid. The maximum heating values for the LBO and HBO were estimated to be about 25 and 28 MJ/kg, respectively, and they were obtained with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. SEM analysis of the bio-char obtained from the non-catalytic run at 250 degrees C showed a semi-char formation. An increase in temperature from 250 to 300 degrees C led to the formation of regular channels on the surface of the bio-char. These open channels closed when the temperature was increased from 300 to 350 degrees C. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Facial nerve paralysis in children may occur as a complication of infections,

trauma, or rarely from benign or malignant tumors of the facial nerve. We present the first reported case of a dermoid tumor in the facial nerve causing facial paralysis in a child. Case report at a tertiary Children’s Hospital. A 9-month-old was referred to our institution for evaluation of persistent, complete right sided facial paralysis three months after receiving a diagnosis of Bell’s palsy. A workup at our institution including MRI and CT revealed marked widening of the facial canal in the mastoid segment consistent with facial nerve schwannoma or hemangioma. Surgical exploration via mastoidectomy MLN4924 ic50 and facial nerve decompression revealed keratinous material containing hair that had fully eroded the facial nerve, disrupting it completely. The entire tumor was removed along with the involved segment of facial nerve, and the missing facial nerve segment was cable grafted. Histological examination of the tumor confirmed a ruptured dermoid cyst in the facial nerve. Facial nerve tumors are rare causes of facial paralysis in children, accounting for fewer than 10% of cases of facial paralysis in the pediatric population. Dermoid cyst can occur throughout the head and neck region in children, but a dermoid tumor in the facial nerve has not been described in the literature prior to this report.