In recent years, mucosal vaccines have received more attention. Because

oral immunization antigens are easily destroyed by digestive buy 5-Fluoracil juices during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract, we chose intranasal immunization as the means of mucosal immunization in this study. Zhang Yan et al used EHEC O157:H7 outer membrane protein to immunize mice via the nasal cavity and detected high-titer IgA in feces and intestinal lavage; they also confirmed that nasal immunization can protect mice from EHEC O157:H7 infection to some extent (22). This study showed that the KT-12 peptide of IntC300 of EHEC O157:H7 has high antigenicity and can induce a protective immune response, suggesting that this peptide might be a potential vaccine candidate against EHEC O157:H7. The rate of protection of mice by intranasal immunization was not very high in this study, which may be because a single peptide was not enough to stimulate the production of protective antibodies. In EHEC O157:H7 infection, toxic substances produced by the bacteria are very complex, therefore

the immune protective effect induced by a single protective antigen is limited. In accordance with the MAP principle, future experiments will connect multiple short peptides to a main chain of poly-l-lysine, in order to form both B- and T-cell epitopes in a limited space, and thus to produce a polyvalent synthetic peptide vaccine capable of inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Where necessary,

we can consider increasing selleck a number of other important protective antigens such as Stx1B, Stx2B, and Hly and integrating several kinds of protective antigen epitopes DCLK1 into multiple antigen peptides to enhance the protective effectiveness of the peptide vaccine. We thank former members of the laboratory for their contributions to materials and technical assistance, Professor Sheng-He Huang of the Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, USA, for his support and guidance throughout the study and Jun Luo for some of the bacterial strains used in this study. This study was supported by a grant from Guangdong Province 211 project (No. GW2010XX). “
“IL-33, a proposed alarmin, stimulates innate immune cells and Th2 cells to produce IL-13 and is rapidly upregulated upon antigen exposure in murine helminth infection. The human IL-33 response to helminth antigen was analysed in Malians infected with Schistosoma haematobium by disrupting parasite integrity via chemotherapy. Plasma IL-33 was measured pretreatment, and 24 h and 9 weeks post-treatment. At 24 h post-treatment, IL-33 levels were low. Nine week post-treatment IL-33 levels were elevated and were associated with an increase in intracellular IL-13 in eosinophils.