A trivariate genetic model that included trauma exposure as a separate phenotype was fitted to estimate genetic and
environmental contributions to PTSD and the degree to which they overlap with those that contribute to AD, after accounting for potential confounding effects of heritable influences on trauma exposure.
Results. Additive genetic influences (A) accounted for 72% of the variance in PTSD; individual-specific environmental (E) factors accounted for the remainder. An AE model also provided the best fit for AD, for which heritability was estimated to be 71%. The genetic correlation between PTSD and AD was 0.54.
Conclusions. The heritability estimate for PTSD in our sample is higher than estimates CHIR-99021 in vitro reported in earlier studies based almost exclusively on an all-male sample in which combat exposure was the precipitating traumatic event. However, our findings are consistent with the absence of evidence for shared environmental influences on PTSD and, most importantly, the substantial overlap in genetic influences on PTSD and AD reported in these investigations.
Additional research addressing potential distinctions by gender in the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on PTSD is merited.”
“Disability is associated with depression in older persons, yet the effect of disability burden on the likelihood of being depressed click here is uncertain.
A total of 754 community-living persons, aged epsilon 70, underwent monthly assessments in four essential activities of daily living and assessments of depression (yes/no) every 18 months for up to 108 months. Within each 18-month
person-interval, participants’ disability burden was operationalized as none or any, and according to severity (none, mild, or severe) and chronicity (none, nonchronic, or chronic) given the highest level of severity or chronicity experienced during a given 18-month interval, respectively. A variable combining severity and chronicity (none, nonchronic mild, nonchronic severe, chronicmild, or chronicsevere) was also created. Using generalized Epacadostat ic50 estimating equations, we evaluated the association between each indicator of disability burden and subsequent depression.
Participants who had any versus no disability during the previous 18 months were 65% more likely to experience subsequent depression (OR 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 2.02). Quantifying severity (mild disability vs. none, OR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.79; severe disability vs. none, OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.56, 2.74) and chronicity (nonchronic disability vs. none, OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.13, 1.83; chronic disability vs. none, OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.50, 2.55) indicated increasingly stronger associations with subsequent depression, with the highest likelihood of subsequent depression (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.78, 3.30) observed among participants with chronicsevere disability.