..4. Discussion4.1. Roosting Behavior in Mustached BatsThis study is the first to show that in mustached bats, individuals roost at highly restricted locations within a colony. Whether this is also true when individuals roost at locations outside the colony is less clear. The roosting locations of males overlap very little, at least in the short term. These roosting locations most likely drive http://www.selleckchem.com/products/crenolanib-cp-868596.html several social interactions that take place in the dark where visual cues are absent, but olfactory and auditory cues are abundant. Conspecifics most likely maintain their territories by scent marks made by rubbing the anogenital region against the substrate. Accordingly, crouching is likely required to monitor the scent boundaries.

In our observations, marking behavior sometimes alternated with crouching, which was consistent with the idea that these behaviors are related. Our observation that reintroduced bats increase their marking and crouching behavior is also evidence that these behaviors helped to establish and confirm roost position. Scent marking of territories with various exudates has been reported in several bat species [33, 34], including marking with the anogenital region for at least four species [20, 35].4.2. Acoustic Signal Design in Mustached BatsThis study demonstrated a strong association between calls and discrete behavior patterns in the mustached bat (see Table 1). A tight temporal binding between calls and behaviors may be especially important for communication in species, such as mustached bats, that roost in a completely dark environment.

Two noisy calls, rBNB and fSFM, and their composites were associated with two agonistic behaviors, nipping, and fighting. This association is consistent with the Motivation-Structure hypothesis, which posits that animals motivated by aggression will produce relatively low frequency, noisy, broadband calls [24, 31]. The level of noisiness in the fSFM call may correspond to the intensity of aggression, but this remains to be tested. In previous observations of mustached bats in a cage, playback of rBNB startled or warned an approaching bat and even made it turn back [26]. Other calls failed to elicit a similar response. In addition to the bro
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