(2011) study the same cortical region as Hill et al. (2011) (vibrissa motor cortex), but their investigation takes a very different angle and they refer to the recorded region as frontal orienting field (FOF). They show that blocking neural activity in FOF/vMC interferes with a memory guided orienting task. Recordings demonstrate that a large fraction of neurons in FOF/vMC show delay activity that predicts

upcoming orienting movements and this activity occurs without an obvious relation to whisker movements (Figures 2B and 2C). They conclude that such findings corroborate a similarity between the primate frontal eye fields and the rat FOF/vMC. How similar is FOF/vMC to the primate frontal eye field? A major similarity that links LY2157299 both FEF/vMC and the primate FEF to orienting behaviors is that both areas project heavily to deep layers of the superior colliculus, a key subcortical integration site for orienting responses. Lesion data in monkeys showed that combined lesions to the superior colliculus and the FEF result in much more devastating effects on orienting than lesions to

one of the two structures alone (Schiller et al., 1980). Earlier lesion studies in rats had already indicated that FOF/vMC damage can cause neglect-like symptoms and orienting deficits (Crowne et al., 1986). The deficits in memory-guided orienting observed by Erlich et al. (2011) mirror deficits induced by interference with primate frontal eye fields, which causes lasting problems in orienting toward remembered

target locations (Dias and Segraves, 1999). Overall, trans-isomer ic50 frontal cortices seem to have a key function in generating delayed responses, which require working memory. The presence of delay activity (as demonstrated by Erlich et al., 2011; Figure 2B) is a prominent physiological characteristic of neurons in primate frontal cortices and is often regarded as a neural correlate of working memory. In summary, the work of Erlich et al. (2011) lets it appear that—in the midst of all the aforementioned confusion—decades of work on the frontal and rodent Rutecarpine cortices are beginning to converge. Sensor movements of eyes, pinnae, or whiskers are relatively simple movements, yet motor mapping implicates large parts of the frontal cortices in their control. Activity in frontal motor cortices is associated less with the fine detail of orienting movements and more so with the overall control of movements and their preparation. Modulation of neural activity is weak for simple sensor movements. The attentional/orienting deficits imposed by lesions of cortices involved in sensor movements reveal that the function of these cortices goes way beyond pure motor control. That said, a homology of rodent eye, whisker, pinna motor cortex, and primate frontal eye and pinna fields is plausible but remains to be definitively proven.