, 2008 and Sürmeli et al., 2011) ( Figure 6A). In FoxP1 CT99021 ic50 mutant mice, motor neurons establish muscular projections, but retrograde labeling from defined muscles reveals randomly dispersed spinal motor neurons ( Dasen et al., 2008 and Sürmeli et al., 2011) instead of the normally observed clustered and topographically arranged motor neuron pools ( McHanwell and Biscoe, 1981 and Romanes, 1964)

( Figure 6A). Conditional elimination of FoxP1 in motor neurons was used to assess sensory-motor connectivity profiles at postnatal stages by an anatomy-based tracing assay in an otherwise wild-type background ( Sürmeli et al., 2011). These experiments demonstrate that when cell bodies of motor neurons that share a common muscle target are stripped of FoxP1 identity, this website they no longer obey the tight specificity rules observed in wild-type and receive randomized sensory input instead ( Figure 6A). A much more stunning observation was made when sensory-motor

specificity profiles were analyzed according to dorsoventral position of motor neuron cell bodies. In FoxP1 mutant mice, only motor neurons with dorsoventral position similar to the respective wild-type motor pool receive direct sensory input from corresponding sensory afferents, whereas aberrantly positioned motor neurons escape this source of input. These findings suggest that group Ia proprioceptive afferents target dorsoventral spinal positions independent of molecular cues provided by motor neurons and point to motor neuron cell body position in a virtual spatial grid as an important factor for the regulation of specific sensory-motor connections ( Figure 6A). A spatial grid also operates to establish sensory targeting domains in the Drosophila nerve cord, implemented by gradients of signaling molecules but with fundamental differences relative to the mouse ( Tripodi and Arber, 2012). To separately assess respective contributions of molecular identity and cell body position to

the control of sensory-motor aminophylline specificity, mutations in molecular programs exclusively affecting either motor neuron pool identity or cell body position are needed. The ETS transcription factor Pea3 is expressed in two caudal cervical motor neuron pools with ventral cell body position, innervating cutaneous maximus (Cm) and latissimus dorsi (Ld) muscles, but not in a neighboring dorsal pool innervating the triceps (Tri) muscle ( Livet et al., 2002 and Vrieseling and Arber, 2006) ( Figure 6A). Cm and Tri motor neuron pools switch dorsoventral position in Pea3 mutant mice, leading to a configuration shifting the Tri pool to an aberrant ventral position secondary to Pea3 mutation in Cm motor neurons ( Figure 6A). But despite ventral cell body shift, electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that Tri proprioceptors still contact most Tri motor neurons with high accuracy ( Vrieseling and Arber, 2006).