, 1994). However, the range of cigarette design strategies available is rarely used in practice. Instead, Wortmannin DNA-PK RIP design modifications focus on the use of lower porosity paper placed in circumferential bands at two or three positions along the cigarette rod. The bands reduce ignition propensity by decreasing airflow to the burning ember. This banded paper strategy was first introduced commercially by Philip Morris with its Merit brand in 2000 (Alpert et al.; Gunja et al.). Since that time, ��banded paper�� technology has become the most common way to comply with RIP regulations (Alpert et al.). Internal tobacco industry documents as well as patents reflect manufacturers�� concern with consumer acceptability regarding the taste of RIP cigarettes, one of the primary non-safety based goals of industry research and development in this area (Alpert et al.

, 2010; Warwick, 2000). However, the effect of cigarette changes made to comply with RIP regulations on consumers has not been well examined, at least outside the tobacco industry. A major lesson learned from the marketing of low-tar cigarettes in the 1960s through the 1980s was that changes in cigarette design could have an untoward effect on smokers�� behaviors, resulting in altered exposure to smoke constituents (National Cancer Institute, 2001). The advantages of reducing death and injury caused by cigarette-related fires, then, could potentially be offset by increases in exposure and disease outcomes, undermining any public health advantage. RIP design changes, by altering burn characteristics and/or human smoking patterns, could potentially influence exposures to tobacco toxicants.

It is possible that self-extinguishing RIP cigarettes may lead smokers to puff more frequently and/or more vigorously in order to keep the cigarette burning, thereby increasing exposure to smoke toxins (Bavley, 2009; Goswami, 2007; Tobacco Control Programme, 2002). The chemical composition and characteristics of cigarette tar may also be different in RIP cigarettes, potentially influencing the mix of toxins to which a smoker is exposed. Connolly et al. (2005) assessed the levels of 19 toxic smoke emissions of four matched full flavor cigarette brands (Marlboro, Newport, Camel, and Kool) purchased in NY, which had a fire safety standard for cigarettes in 2005, and in MA, which did not.

The smoke constituents, measured using the Federal Trade Commission machine smoking protocol, included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Cilengitide (PAHs: naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, and indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene) and ��tar,�� nicotine, and carbon monoxide. The largest increases in machine-yield smoke constituents among RIP brands, compared with non-RIP brands, were seen for carbon monoxide (11.4%), naphthalene (13.9%), fluorene (6.1%), and tar (3.0%).