We have demonstrated that co-transfer of allospecific Treg cells at the time of donor cell transfer can effectively control the expansion of donor alloreactive and autoreactive T-cell clones to prevent cGVHD induction, and as such, they present a more refined cell therapy Galunisertib chemical structure for blockade of disease in a complex immune network of cellular components and events. Female (6–12 weeks old) CB6F1 (C57BL/6xBALB/c F1, H-2bxd) CBA/Ca (H-2k), C57BL/6 (B6) (H-2b), BALB/c (H-2d), mice were purchased from Harlan Ltd (Bicester, UK). C57BL/6.Kd (BL/6 transgenic for Kd) and OT-II and TCR75 TCR transgenic mice (recognise

Kd peptide:H2-Ab) (provided by Pat Bucy, University of Alabama Birmingham, USA) were bred and maintained in the BSU facility of King’s College London under specific pathogen-free conditions. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Home Office Animals Scientific Procedures Act of 1986. Chronic GVHD was induced by transfer of 7 × 107 B6 splenocytes (or pooled with 4 × 106 Treg cells) intraperitoneally into CB6F1-recipient mice. Animals were monitored biweekly

for weight loss condition and scleroderma in addition to peripheral Selleck Lapatinib blood monitoring of engraftment and serum autoantibodies. At 7 weeks post-GVHD, peripheral blood, serum, spleen and lymph nodes were harvested for subsequent immunophenotyping, described below. Splenomegaly was measured by weighing whole dissected spleens. Kidneys were snap-frozen in Optimal Cutting Temperature OCT embedding medium

(EMS, PA, USA) and stored at −80°C until analysis. Absolute numbers of donor (H-2Kd−) and recipient (H-2Kd+) cells were determined by counting total splenocytes obtained from single-cell suspensions and extrapolating from the percentage of H2Kd+/− cells detected by flow cytometry. Kidney cryostat sections (5 μM) were collected on polylysine-coated slides, air-dried, and acetone-fixed, dried and incubated with anti-mouse IgG1-FITC (Serotec, Oxford UK) before washing in PBS/FCS and examination by fluorescence microscopy. Serum was analysed for anti-single-stranded DNA IgG1 and IgG2a autoantibodies HSP90 using calf thymus DNA (Sigma) and IgE titres by ELISA as described previously [49]. Donor splenocytes were prepared as single-cell suspensions of spleens and lymph nodes and erythrocytes lysed. Splenocytes were depleted of CD25+ cells by incubation with biotinylated anti-CD25 antibody (clone 7D4; BD Biosciences, UK) for 20 min 4°C, followed by incubation with streptavidin microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) for 15 min. Cells were magnetically depleted and the unbound fraction either used directly or depleted of further cell subsets for cGVHD induction.