We have demonstrated previously that plas minogen activator is important in ovulation of rat and monkeys both in vivo and in vitro, however, double knockout of Belinostat ptcl tPA and uPA in mice showed only 26% inhi bition of ovulation could be observed. Our further studies showed that mouse ovary produces not tPA and uPA, but also MMPs which have also shown to play a role in ovulation. It is possible that MMPs could rescue the function in absence of tPA or uPA. Implantation is a very comple event, which involves various processes, such as blastocyst adhesion, trophoblast invasion, decidualiza tion and cell to cell interaction, controlled by a variety of molecules produced by endometrium, embryo and ovary. During mammalian implantation stroma of the endometrium undergoes severe remodeling, involving apoptosis, proteolysis and angiogenesis.

Endome trial cells rapidly proliferate and differentiate to form the decidua tissue which accommodates and protects implanted embryos. In our previous reports, analysis of the endometrium of both rhesus monkey and human during peri implantation period has demonstrated that a relatively high frequency of apoptosis occurs in the secre tory endometrium and is correlated to increased e pres sion of apoptosis related molecules, while only limited numbers of the apoptotic cells were observed in the other phases of the cycle. It appears that endometrial apoptosis and the cyclic changes in endometrial growth and regression during establishment of implantation win dow might be regulated precisely and coordinately, not only by Fas, FasL, BcL 2 and Ba , but also by Hsp105, because the profile of these molecules is well correlated with that of the Hsp105 e pression in rat uterus as dem onstrated in the present study.

Evidence has shown that Hsp105 is capable of enhancing cell apoptosis in mouse embryonal F9 cells and murine embryos during embryogenesis. On the contrary, the Hsp protein was also observed to inhibit cell apoptosis in rat testis and some e perimental cell models. These Carfilzomib observa tions suggest that Hsp105 may be involved in regulation of murine uterine cell apoptosis. Since the cell types, spe cies used in the individual studies were different, some unknown factors as well as cellular environment present in the various studies might determine an inhibitory or a promotional effect of the Hsp protein on cell apoptosis.

However, the molecular mechanism of selleck catalog Hsp105 in regulat ing uterine cell apoptosis during rat periimplantation period remains to be further investigated. In summary, our data have demonstrated a significant increase in Hsp105 e pression on day 5. It seems that the protein might be able to induce luminal cell apoptosis which in turn destabilizes epithelial barrier at implantation site and facilitates trophoblast invasion and implantation.