Using dominant negative mutant proteins of p38α and p38β, we show

Using dominant negative mutant proteins of p38α and p38β, we showed that L. pneumophila induction of IL-8 was also dependent on the p38 pathway. JunD phosphorylation can be mediated through JNK and ERK www.selleckchem.com/products/eft-508.html pathways [17]. Although

both of these molecules were activated in response to L. pneumophila, inhibition of JNK and ERK did not reduce phosphorylation of JunD. Further studies are needed to determine the exact kinase responsible for JunD activation. Overexpression of dominant negative mutants of MyD88 and TAK1 inhibited L. pneumophila-induced IL-8 activation. Although we did not examine the effects of these dominant negative mutants on NF-κB and MAPKs activation, our results suggest that trifurcation of L. pneumophila-induced IKK-IκB, p38, and MKK4-JNK signaling pathways occurs at TAK1 (Fig. 12). Figure 12 Schematic representation of L. pneumophila -induced signal transduction pathways involved in IL-8 expression human T cells. The contributions of TLR5 and MKK3/6 are deduced. Conclusions In summary, we showed that L. pneumophila induced IL-8 expression and subsequent production through flagellin in human T cells. In addition, the study shed new light on the signaling pathways utilized by L. pneumophila in the induction of IL-8. Our findings support the role of IKK-IκB, p38, and JNK signaling pathways BI 10773 chemical structure in L. pneumophila induction of IL-8 in human T cells. Future

studies should examine these signaling pathways in T cells of animals and patients infected with L. pneumophila, and, if the pathways are found to be significant, a targeted investigation of the role they play in host defense Buspirone HCl against L. pneumophila in infected animals should be performed. Methods Antibodies and reagents Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to IκBα and NF-κB subunits p50, p65, c-Rel, p52, and RelB, AP-1 subunits c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2, c-Jun, JunB, and JunD, ATF/CREB family ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, and CREB, mouse monoclonal antibody to p52, and goat polyclonal antibody to Lamin B were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Mouse monoclonal antibody to actin was

purchased from NeoMarkers (Fremont, CA). Mouse monoclonal antibody to phospho-IκBα (Ser-32 and Ser-36), rabbit polyclonal antibodies to p65, IKKβ, p38, phospho-p38 (Thr-180 and Tyr-182), MKK4, phospho-MKK4 (Thr-261), phospho-MAPKAPK-2 (Thr-334), phospho-MSK1 (Ser-360), phospho-JNK (Thr-183 and Tyr-185), phospho-c-Jun (Ser-73), and TAK1, and rabbit monoclonal antibodies to phospho-TAK1 (Thr-184 and Thr-187), phospho-IKKβ (Ser-180), CREB, Crenigacestat in vitro phospho-CREB (Ser-133), ERK1/2, and phospho-ERK1/2 (Thr-202 and Tyr-204) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). Rabbit polyclonal antibody to phospho-p65 (Ser-536) was purchased from Applied Biological Materials (Richmond, Canada). Bay 11-7082 was purchased from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA), respectively.

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