Urinary NGF/Cr levels in patients with UTI were not different from that of

OAB-wet or IC/PBS, but were significantly greater than OAB-dry. The urinary NGF/Cr level selleck screening library decreased significantly after antibiotics treatment for 1 week, but remained significantly higher than in the controls. Urinary NGF/Cr decreased significantly in patients without OAB after treatment but remained high in patients who had persistent OAB after treatment.45 Urinary NGF/Cr levels in patients who had urinary tract stone without UTI were significantly higher than in the controls or OAB-dry patients, but was significantly lower than that of IC/PBS and OAB-wet patients. There was no significant difference in urinary NGF/Cr levels between patients with renal and ureteral stone. Patients with renal stone and UTI showed a 10-fold significantly higher urinary NGF/Cr level than those without UTI. The urinary NGF/Cr level was not significantly different between patients who had ureteral stones associated with OAB and without OAB. Patients with urothelial cancer also had elevated urinary NGF/Cr level compared with controls. However, NGF level in patients with benign bladder tumor was not detectable. Patients with ureteral TCC and muscle invasive TCC did not have a significantly higher urinary NGF/Cr

level.45 Although clinical data have shown that urinary NGF levels are significantly elevated in patients with OAB symptoms and urodynamic DO, a high percentage of patients having low NGF levels limited the wide application of urinary NGF level as U0126 supplier potential biomarker for diagnosis of OAB or DO. Therefore it is rational to hypothesize that NGF might be a down stream protein produced in face of several bladder dysfunction or systemic disorders.

There could be several other pathways that mediate urgency sensation or development of DO in patients with OAB. Because NGF is not a sole protein that is responsible for OAB, measurement of other inflammatory proteins in the urine or comparing the urinary NGF levels at different bladder volume and different urgency severity may clarify these questions. In addition, collection of urine samples at different time points might have the effect of increased urothelial uptake while delayed preparation of urine samples might result in proteolytic degradation Florfenicol of urinary NGF; these factors might influence the levels of measured urinary NGF. Thus, standardization of urine sample collection and enrollment of larger patient materials in further studies are necessary before we conclude that urinary NGF levels can be used as a biomarker of OAB. In the urinary bladder, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a cytoprotective eicosanoid that inhibits apoptosis of epithelial cells.46 Intravesical instillation of PGE2 induces detrusor contraction, while topical application of PGE2 to the urethra causes urethral relaxation in rats.