Transl Res. 2011; 158: 235−248. 40. Nakamura T, Kataoka K, Tokutomi Y, Nako H, Toyama K, Dong YF, et al. Novel mechanism of salt-induced glomerular injury: critical role of eNOS selleck kinase inhibitor and angiotensin II. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1528–35.PubMedCrossRef 41. Oudit GY, Herzenberg AM, Kassiri Z, Wong D, Reich H, Khokha R, et al. Loss of angiotensin-converting

enzyme-2 leads to the late development of angiotensin II-dependent glomerulosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1808–20.PubMedCrossRef 42. Reich HN, Oudit GY, Penninger JM, Scholey JW, Herzenberg AM. Decreased glomerular and tubular expression of ACE2 in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008;74:1610–6.PubMedCrossRef 43. Mizuiri S, Hemmi H, Arita M, Aoki T, Ohashi Y, Miyagi M, et al. Increased ACE and decreased ACE2 expression in kidneys from patients with IgA nephropathy. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;117:c57–66.PubMedCrossRef 44. Velez JC, Ryan KJ, Harbeson CE, Bland AM, Budisavljevic MN, Arthur JM, et al. Angiotensin I is largely converted to angiotensin (1–7) and

angiotensin (2–10) by isolated rat glomeruli. Hypertension. 2009;53:790–7.PubMedCrossRef 45. Velez JC, Bland AM, Arthur JM, Raymond JR, Janech MG. Characterization of renin-angiotensin system enzyme activities in cultured mouse podocytes. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2007;293:F398–407.CrossRef 46. Velez JC, Janech Nintedanib molecular weight MG, Arthur JM, Raymond JR. Cultured human glomerular endothelial cells display ACE-mediated angiotensin-II-generating capacity and limited

angiotensin-II-degrading activity. Am OICR-9429 molecular weight Soc Nephrol Annual Meeting; 2010 (in abstract). 47. Singh R, Singh AK, Alavi N, Leehey DJ. Mechanism of increased angiotensin II levels in glomerular mesangial cells cultured in high glucose. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:873–80.PubMedCrossRef 48. Cristovam PC, Arnoni CP, de Andrade MC, Casarini DE, Pereira LG, Schor N, et al. ACE-dependent and chymase-dependent angiotensin II generation in normal and glucose-stimulated human mesangial cells. Exp Biol Med. 2008;233:1035–43.CrossRef 49. Aragão DS, Cunha TS, Arita DY, Andrade MC, Fernandes AB, Watanabe IK, et al. Purification and characterization of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from murine model of mesangial cell in culture. Int J Biol Macromol. 2011;49:79–84.PubMedCrossRef”
“A 56-year-old diabetic woman with 3-day history of urinary tract infection taking oral antibiotics presented with a sudden consciousness disturbance. On examination, a febrile (38.8°C) patient with a blood pressure of 83/48 mmHg and a heart rate of 120/min was seen. Laboratory studies revealed a leukocyte count of 11.0 × 109/l with band neutrophils of 22%. Urinalysis showed pyuria with 40–50 see more leukocytes per low-power field. Escherichia coli were found in both blood and urine cultures.