This new concept derived from genome-wide phylogenetic analysis fits well with the physiological differences among the three genera, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, and Acetobacter, the latter two of which are found in similar habitats. Indeed, these genera

were previously classified as a single genus: Acetobacter. Yamada et al. (1997) separated the genus into Gluconacetobacter and Acetobacter on the basis of partial sequences of 16S rRNA gene. In contrast to the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree, our results fit well with the fact that Gluconacetobacter and Acetobacter have similar physiologies and habitats. The present result clearly shows that concatenating large multiprotein check details dataset analysis is a very useful technique to improve the accuracy of phylogenetic inference. Although whole-genome sequences are needed, the technique should be useful for the analysis of phylogenetic relationships at the genome level. This work was supported by the Program for Promoting Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences (PROBRAIN). Table S1. List of phylogenetic patterns of metabolic genes in Gluconobacter oxydans. Table S2. List of unique orthologous genes among Acetobacteraceae.

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“The electron donor for periplasmic chlorate reductase of Ideonella dechloratans has been suggested to be a soluble cytochrome c.

Caspase activation We describe here the purification of the 9-kDa periplasmic cytochrome c, denoted cytochrome c-Id1, and demonstrate its ability to serve as an electron donor for purified chlorate reductase. The reaction rate was found to be linearly dependent on the cytochrome c concentration Glutathione peroxidase in the range of 0.6–4 μM. A route for electron transport involving a soluble cytochrome c is similar to that found for other periplasmic oxidoreductases of the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase family, but different from that suggested for the (per)chlorate reductase of Dechloromonas species. Oxyanions of chlorine, such as chlorate (ClO3−) and perchlorate (ClO4−), have been introduced into the environment by human activities, for example through pulp and paper industrial effluents (Germgård et al., 1981). Both chlorate and perchlorate affect the marine environment by their toxicity to algae (van Wijk & Hutchinson, 1995). Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been known that a wide variety of bacterial species (Logan, 1998; Richardson, 2000; Coates & Achenbach, 2004) decompose chlorate and perchlorate under anaerobic conditions. This activity is utilized in waste water treatment to reduce the environmental impact of effluents.