These results suggest that naturalistic variation in social rearing conditions can introduce diversity into adult nurturing and attachment behaviors.”
“Diaporthe species and their Phomopsis Selleckchem FK866 anamorphs are endophytes and pathogens oil a wide range of plant hosts, and are responsible for several diseases, some of which are of economic importance. Species in this genus have been described mainly on the basis of host association and to a lesser extent on their micromorphology. However, studies have revealed

that host association is of minor taxonomic importance, due to the wide host ranges of some species. Moreover, more than one species can occur on a single host. On the other hand, morphological characters are not always suitable for species definition because of their plasticity and overlap between different species. Foeniculum vulgare is an herbaceous plant known to harbour a complex of Diaporthe and Phomopsis species. In this study, this complex is resolved and several taxa are delineated. An intensive sampling of Diaporthe species and Phomopsis anamorphs found on F. vulgare in Portugal was done

and a collection of isolates was established in culture. Isolates were characterised and grouped according to their microsatellite-primed PCR (MSP-PCR) profiles. Representative isolates were subsequently selected for a molecular phylogeny based on Acalabrutinib the rDNA ITS region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). Combining morphological, cultural and molecular data, four species were distinguished from F. vulgare. Diaporthe angelicue is shown to be the most common pathogen of this host in Portugal. Diaporthe lusitanicae is Selleck Ispinesib newly described, whereas the teleomorph of Phomopsis theicola was revealed to be distinct from Diaporthe theicola, and is described as Diaporthe neotheicola.”
“Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) energy reaching on the vegetated surface is a key determinant of plant physiological processes. Most of biosphere or crop

models use the ratio of PAR to incoming solar radiation (R(s)), PAR/R(s), to convert R(s) into PAR in order to reduce weather data-input requirements. Several existing models simply specify a constant ratio, PAR/R(s) = 0.5. However, some field experiments have reported that the ratio PAR/R(s) may not be constant. Previous empirical equations of PAR/R(s) were derived based on the data of monthly or daily timescales collected from only a few measurement sites, hence they may not be appropriate to be used in current global biosphere models usually with hourly simulation time steps. Here, we represent the exponential correlation between PAR/R(s) and sky clearness index (0-1) using hourly data from 54 Ameriflux measurement sites. It is found that PAR/R(s) increases up to 0.6 in cloudy conditions when the clearness index (CI) is below similar to 0.2, whereas it is nearly constant at similar to 0.42 when CI is above 0.2.