The identified ARRY-438162 cost proteins are analyzed by class, topology and substrate specificity, and the results are compared. Our analyses reveal that these two organisms use fundamentally different systems to transport various substrates, suggestive of independent evolution. SB202190 cell line While Sco has amplified the numbers of transporters in certain families specific for certain types of substrates (e.g. sugars, amino acids, organic anions), Mxa has not. Moreover, they use very different types of transporters for the

purpose of extruding antimicrobial agents. The results lead to the conclusion that Sco and Mxa have used very different strategies to create programs of differentiation and solve metabolic problems created by the development of multiple cell types. Results Streptomyces coelicolor (Sco) Transporters For the purpose of genome analyses,

we classify transport systems according to the IUBMB-approved Transporter Classification (TC) MEK inhibitor side effects System. Transporters fall into five well-defined categories (Classes 1 to 5) and two poorly defined categories (Classes 8 and 9) as mentioned above, (see TCDB; http://​www.​tcdb.​org; [13, 18–20]). Additional file 1: Table S1 and Figure 1 present an overall summary of the classes and subclasses of transporters found in Streptomyces coelicolor (Sco). Only integral membrane transport proteins, mostly those that provide the transmembrane pathway for solute translocation, are reported. We identified 658 such proteins encoded in the Sco genome. The entire genome is 9.05 million base pairs and is reported to encode 7825 proteins [11]. Thus, 8.1% of the proteins encoded within the genome of Sco are recognized integral membrane transport proteins. Functionally characterized and partially characterized transporters reported in the literature are tabulated and discussed below (see section entitled “Transporters of

experimentally verified Ribonucleotide reductase function in Sco and Mxa”). Figure 1 Streptomyces coelicolor transporter type percentages. Transporter type percentages in Streptomyces coelicolor, based on the Transporter Classification (TC) system. Types of transporters in Sco Sco encodes representatives within the major classes of transport proteins included in TCDB, and their distributions are summarized here (see Table 1): 20 (3%) of these proteins are simple channels; 277 (41%) are secondary carriers; 321 (49%) are primary active transport proteins; 7 (1%) are group translocators; 9 (1%) are transmembrane electron flow carriers; 4 (0.6%) are auxiliary transport proteins, and 20 (3%) are of unknown mechanism of action. Thus, primary and secondary active transporters are of about equal importance in Sco while other defined types of transporters are much less important. Table 1 Numbers of Sco transport proteins according to TC class and subclass TC classa Class description No. of proteins TC subclass Subclass description No. of proteins 1 Channel/Pore 20 1.A α-type channel 19       1.B β-type porin 0       1.