The development of new antibacterial substances, however, is still a selleck catalog problem. For example, despite the fact that lower respiratory infections were the third leading cause of death worldwide in 2008 and the leading cause in low-income countries [5], many pharmaceutical companies have withdrawn completely from antibacterial drug discovery because the development of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries new drugs is increasingly expensive before getting approval. Once new entities reach the market, it is difficult to recoup the costs of development, which is especially true for antibacterials due to their mainly short time application intervals [6]. This is reflected in the time scale of antibacterial development (Figure 2).Figure 2.The timeline of antibacterial development modified from Wright [7].
Antibacterial development started in the 1930s with the sulfonamides, followed by a period of 40 years with successful antibacterial discovery. After a long period in which no real novel …Until the early 1980s different antibacterial classes were identified. Then, until the end of the 20th century, there was no further development Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of real novel antibacterials, which strengthens Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the present efforts to find novel modes of action or to attack hitherto unknown target structures [7]. In recent years three novel antibacterials (the lipopeptide daptomycin [8], the glycylcycline tigecycline [9] and the pleuromutilin antibacterial retapamulin [10]) have been approved. All other approved antibacterials are more or less derivatives of known ones.
Moreover, there are presently only five real novel antibacterial agents in clinical development, necessitating the search for new sources, such as marine natural products or for new bacterial targets in plasma and outer membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleoid, or plasmids.The following review will highlight Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries biosensors as useful tools in the antibacterial research field, their usefulness to fight against the spread of bacterial resistance, and the development of new antibacterial compounds. The number of biosensor approaches in this area has increased during the last five years, dominated by studies for the detection of antibacterials in the environment [Figure 3(A)]. In the first part of this review a number of studies, which have applied different biosensor methods to detect antibacterials in various matrices with the intention to stem resistance developments, will be interpreted and evaluated with respect to the technical merits and prospects.
Figure 3.Biosensor applications in the antibacterial field are classified regarding to (A) their experimental approaches, and (B) the Cilengitide detection principles. (A) Nearly 60% of the biosensor applications contribute to detection or quantification of antibacterials …The second AZD-2281 part focuses on the use of biosensors in mode of action studies of novel antibacterials.