Such evidences support an important role for TLRs and ligands in the regulation of inflammation and tissue repair (Erridge, 2010; Yu et al., 2010). Conversely, TLR4 deficiency is associated with less inflammation and attenuated infarctions after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (Chao, click here 2009; Oyama et al., 2004). These studies indicate a role for TLRs as critical modulators of cell survival and tissue injury but

it is important to verify the involvement of TLR4 in skeletal muscle repair following injury induced by B. jararacussu venom. C3H/HeJ mouse presents a mutation in the TLR-4 gene that causes replacement of proline to histidine residue at position 712 in the cytoplasmic domain of TLR-4 receptor which

prevents downstream signaling cascade transcription factors activation ( Poltorak et al., 1998). This study aimed to compare the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles between mouse strains bearing functional TLR-4 receptor (C3H/HeN) and TLR-4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) that harbors a functional TLR-4 deficiency. C3H/HeJ (TLR4-deficient) and C3H/HeN (wild-type) six-week-old PCI-32765 cell line isogenic male mice were maintained in the Cellular Pathology animal house facilities of the Institute of Biology at Fluminense Federal University with controlled temperature (24 °C) and 12 h light–dark cycle. The project was approved (protocol n° 176/09) by the Committee for Ethics in Animal Research of the Fluminense Federal University and followed the guidelines of the Brazilian College for Animal Experimentation (COBEA) in agreement with international regulations. B. jararacussu crude venom supplied by the through Center of Studies of the Nature at

University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP) was lyophilized and kept under refrigeration (4 °C). Just prior use venom solution was prepared by diluting 0.6 mg/kg (body weight) in 50 μl of a sterile 0.14 M saline solution ( Barbosa et al., 2008). Mice were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) (Ketanest, Pfizer, Vienna, Austria) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) (Rompum®, Bayer, Vienna, Austria) in sterile saline solution. B. jararacussu venom solution was inoculated intramuscularly (IM) straight into the right gastrocnemius muscle. 50 μl venom solution was inoculated by intramuscular (IM) route into the right gastrocnemius muscle. Mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, 10 and 21 days-post injury (DPI) with lethal dose of anesthetic. Regional popliteal lymph nodes were excised and single-cell suspensions prepared by fine mincing the organs with needles in PBS pH 7.2. Cell suspensions were allowed to settle to remove debris, spun down at 100 × g for 5 min at 15 °C and cellularity assessed in a hemocytometer. Gastrocnemius muscles were dissected, weighed for comparison of venom-injected muscle with the contralateral control muscle, and result expressed as the percentage of tissue weight.