Subjects The University Institutional Review Board approved the study and subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation. Thirty-five healthy male and female NVP-BSK805 concentration undergraduate and graduate students were recruited from Lifetime Physical Activity weight training classes. All participants were enrolled in an introductory strength training Erismodegib price class, and had not participated in more than 1 day/week of resistance training prior to study enrollment. All participants provided written informed

consent and a medical history. Exclusion criteria included a history of kidney disease, vascular disease, circulatory insufficiencies, or cancer; use of anti-depressants, warfarin, or any protein/muscle building supplements; and self-reported pregnancy, drug use, or smoking. SS and placebo supplementation Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either the active CP 690550 SS supplement (n = 17) or placebo (n = 18). The SS ingredient list is presented in Table 1. Subjects were instructed to adhere to the following dosing schedule according to manufacturer recommendations: 1000 mg of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae extract 3 times per day (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) and 1575 mg

of a proprietary herbal/botanical blend twice per day (breakfast and dinner). One additional dose of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and one additional dose of the herbal/botanical blend were consumed before exercise and after exercise according to manufacture instructions. The placebo consisted of 1000 mg of encapsulated corn starch. Subjects were required to maintain a pill diary throughout the study and were instructed to forfeit any capsules not ingested during the study period. Supplements (SS and placebo) were dispensed weekly by the University investigational pharmacy. Over-the-counter analgesic and anti-inflammatory

medications (i.e. Tylenol, Advil, Ibuprofen, Motrin, Bextra, Celebrex, etc.) were prohibited during the supplementation period. Table 1 StemSport ingredient list and purported benefits Ingredient Amount per serving Purported benefit 1. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae extract 1000mg Increase the number of circulating stem cells 2. Proprietary herbal/botanical Reverse transcriptase blend 1575mg    Cats claw — Antioxidant  Mangosteen — Antioxidant  Rehmannia — Anti-inflammatory  Berry extracts — Antioxidant  Nattokinase — Anti-inflammatory/fibrinolytic  Serrapeptase — Anti-inflammatory/fibrinolytic  Curcumin — Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory Two subjects in the SS condition and one subject in the placebo condition withdrew prior to beginning the training intervention. Five subjects in the SS condition withdrew during the 12-week training program due to injury (n = 1), an adverse reaction to the supplement (n = 1), or time constraints (n = 3). Three subjects in the placebo condition withdrew during the intervention period due to time constraints.