ER techniques allow for histological evaluation of the resected specimen, which is the only reliable way to exclude patients with submucosal invading cancers from further endoscopic treatment.4 After focal removal of endoscopically visible abnormalities, the remaining BE generally contains residual HGIN or LGIN, and recurrences occur in 19% to 30% of cases.5, 6 and 7 Therefore, ablation of the remaining BE has been advocated, and recent studies suggest that this reduces the chances of recurrent neoplasia elsewhere in the BE during follow-up.7 Radiofrequency ablation preceded by endoscopic resection for visible abnormalities, when

present, is also a safe and effective treatment for Barrett’s esophagus longer than 10 cm in length containing neoplasia. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the most promising ablative techniques for BE. The technique uses a bipolar electrode that is available as a balloon-based device for primary circumferential Estrogen antagonist ablation or as a cap-based device that can be mounted on the tip of the endoscope for focal ablation. RFA has been proven to be safe and

effective for the removal of IM and neoplasia IDH inhibitor in BE in a wide range of clinical studies, including two randomized trials.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 In addition, studies have shown that the regenerated neosquamous epithelium after RFA is free of the oncogenetic abnormalities as present in the BE before RFA and that subsquamous foci of IM (buried BE) are rare.16 Furthermore, RFA preserves the diameter, compliance, and motility of the esophagus and is associated with a low

rate of stenosis.17 From other endoscopic Amobarbital therapies, it is known that safety and efficacy may depend on the length of the BE segments treated: after radical mucosectomy and after photodynamic therapy, stenosis rates, for example, increase with the BE length treated.18 and 19 In addition, the rate of complete removal of the whole BE segment is found to decrease with the length of the BE.20 For these reasons, endoscopic therapy is thought to be more difficult in longer BE segments. Most studies on the use of ablation techniques for BE have therefore restricted the baseline BE length to less than 10 cm. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the safety and efficacy of RFA with or without prior ER for BE of ≥10 cm containing early neoplasia. Patients were consecutively included from January 2006 until November 2008. They were treated at two tertiary-care referral centers in The Netherlands: the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam and the St. Antonius Hospital in Nieuwegein. Patients were eligible if they met all the following inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years; maximum BE length ≥10 cm; presence of LGIN, HGIN, or early cancer (EC) (defined as ≤ T1sm1 infiltration with good or moderate differentiation and no lymphatic/vascular invasive growth) confirmed by a study pathologist (F.T.K., M.V., C.S.