CT reconstructions as shown in figure 3 can help to guide catheter selection by providing a ‘roadmap’ of the splenic artery [49]. Figure 3 a) Axial CT of a 73 year old man with iatrogenic splenic injury following chest drain insertion. An selleck inhibitor active bleeding point in the spleen (arrow) with surrounding haematoma was demonstrated. b) Coronal CT reconstruction showing a tortuous splenic artery and bleeding point (arrow). These allowed optimal catheter choice for arteriography. c) A Tracker-18 microcatheter system with a Fasdasher 0.014 in wire (Boston Scientific, Maple Grove, MN, USA) were used to achieve access distally within the splenic circulation. After several unsuccessful attempts at superselective

catheterisation of the branch supplying the bleeding point, 4 platinum Vortex-18 diamond-shaped coils (Boston Scientific) were deployed sequentially in the main splenic artery distal to the dorsal pancreatic branch. 2 initial coils migrated past the required branch and there is ongoing bleeding from the spleen (arrow). d) The next 2 coils achieved occlusion of the main splenic artery with preservation of branches to the dorsal pancreas and upper pole of the spleen. e) Axial CT at 1 week showed a small splenic infarct where the initial coils had migrated distally. Arterial supply to the spleen was preserved with some flow through the main splenic artery

coils. iv) LB-100 Complications of embolisation Recent studies report failure rates for embolisation selleck products as low as 2.7% to 4% [41, 46] after proximal embolisation for high grade lesions, active contrast extravasation or haemoperitoneum. However, proximal rather than selective embolisation may result in fewer complications [48] and other studies have recorded a higher overall complication rate for embolisation of around 27% [50, 51]. Patient selection is therefore considered crucial and the authors highlight the necessity for a

low threshold for Roflumilast further intervention if there are signs of continued bleeding post-embolisation. A retrospective study comparing embolisation to operation demonstrated a significantly lower number of complications in the embolisation group (13%) than the operative group (29%) [27]. The complications attributed to embolisation are generally minor and need to be viewed in the context of having avoided an operation with its attendant morbidity. Minor complications can be expected in up to half if fever is included [45] and fever and reactive pleural effusion can be considered as a form of mild post-embolisation syndrome. Infarcts may occur in up to 20% of patients (more so with distal embolisation) but usually resolve without clinical sequelae [52]. Recurrent haemorrhage can occur in up to 11% and abscess in 4%. Coil migrations and splenic artery dissections are potential but rarely encountered complications [41].