48 days of deployment, much of the biofilm material was carefully scraped off the substrates into cryovials using sterile No. 11 scalpel blades (yield was usually >2 g), snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C until further processing. Water quality samples were obtained and analysed as described in detail in Schaffelke et al. (2010) and Cooper et al. (2007). In short, duplicate samples from two depths at each location per sample time were analysed for dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN,

includes NH4, NO2, NO3), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a and salinity. For particulate http://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html nutrients and chlorophyll a analysis, water samples were collected on pre-combusted glass fibre filters and analysed after acetone extraction. Samples for determining TSS were collected on pre-weighed 0.4 μm polycarbonate filters, and TSS concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Salinity Ibrutinib purchase was determined using a Portasal Model 8410A Salinometer (Guildline). Autonomous water quality instruments (Eco FLNTUSB Combination Fluorometer and Turbidity loggers; WET Labs, Philomath, OR) recorded turbidity (optical backscatter) and in situ temperature data. Light was measured using Odyssey light loggers equipped with wiping units as described in Uthicke & Altenrath

(2010). Total DNA was extracted from 0.5 g (wet weight) of each biofilm sample using the MoBio UltraClean Soil Kit (MoBio Laboratories, Solana Beach, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol with the following modifications. Bead-beating Dimethyl sulfoxide (Mini-Bead-Beater, Biospec Products, Bartleville, OK) (2 × 30 s) cycles were performed, 900 mL of S3 buffer was used and DNA was eluted from the

column with 2 × 50 μL of 1 × TE buffer. DNA extracts were examined using standard 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and quantified using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using the general bacterial 16S rRNA gene primers 63F (5′-CAGGCCTAACACATGCAAGTC-3′) and 1389R (5′-ACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAG-3′) (Sigma-Proligo, The Woodlands, TX) (Marchesi et al., 1998). Each sample was amplified in triplicate 25 μL reactions containing 2.5 μM non-acetylated bovine serum albumin (New England Biolabs, Biolabs, USA), 2 μM (2 mM each) dNTP (Astral Scientific, Australia), 2.5 μM forward primer 63F, 1.25 μM reverse primer 1389R, 1 μM MgCl2 (Qiagen, Germany), 1.25 U HotStar Taq (Qiagen), 2.5 μL HotStar Buffer (Qiagen) and c. 2 ng of template DNA. Amplification was performed with an initial incubation at 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 90 seconds and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. As T-RFLP profiles from glass slides and coral skeletons were very similar, only communities from glass slides were cloned.