, 2011). This work was supported by the Max Planck Society, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Microbial Interactions in Marine Systems project (MIMAS), grant number 03F0480D) and the Micro B3 project. The Micro B3 project is funded from the

European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (Joint Call OCEAN.2011‐2: Marine microbial diversity — new insights Dasatinib price into marine ecosystems functioning and its biotechnological potential) under the grant agreement no 287589. “
“Prochlorococcus is a marine unicellular cyanobacterium that numerically dominates the phytoplankton in the oligotrophic open oceans between 40°N and 40°S ( Partensky et al., 1999). At the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba (Station A, 29°28′N 34°55′E) Prochlorococcus reaches up to 2 × 105 cells per mL during the summer at the height of stratification ( Lindell and Post, 1995). Therefore, this sampling site was chosen in order to search for selleck Prochlorococcus-specific transcripts. A number

of distinct Prochlorococcus ecotypes are found in the oceans ( Scanlan et al., 2009) and are divided into two groups according to their ability to adapt to low light (LL) or high light (HL) conditions ( Moore et al. 1995). Despite Prochlorococcus’ compact genomes and relatively low number of transcriptional protein regulators ( Scanlan et al., 2009), this organism is capable of adapting to environmental perturbations suggesting Thiamet G a crucial role of other types of regulators. Indeed, a relatively high number of non-coding (nc)RNAs and antisense RNA have been found in Prochlorococcus by computational prediction, microarrays and high throughput sequencing ( Axmann et al., 2005, Steglich et al., 2008, Richter et al., 2010, Waldbauer et al., 2012 and Voigt et al., 2014). Most studies so far have focused on ncRNAs of the HL-adapted Prochlorococcus strain MED4 in laboratory cultures; here we aimed to identify novel ncRNAs expressed under natural conditions as well as those specific to LL-adapted Prochlorococcus ecotypes. Sampling for metatranscriptome analyses was performed at Station A

in the Gulf of Aqaba (29°28′N 34°55′E) on 14 September 2010 from 60 m (casts 2 and 3 at 9:30 am and 10:10 am respectively), the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM, ~ 100 m; casts 4 and 5 at 11:30 am and 12:35 pm respectively) and 130 m (casts 6 and 7 at 3:00 pm and 4:20 pm respectively). The water column was stratified at all collection depths as indicated by a constant increase in density of 1 kg m− 3 from the surface down to 150 m (Fig. 1A). Temperature decreased from 26.5 °C at the surface to 22.5 °C at 150 m depth (Fig. 1A). At around 400 m pronounced pycno‐ and thermoclines were visible (Fig. 1A). Chlorophyll a concentration (an indicator of phytoplankton biomass) was 0.25 μg L− 1 at the surface and peaked at around 100 m (DCM) with 0.64 μg L− 1 ( Fig. 1A). At the other two sampling depths chlorophyll a concentrations of 0.37 μg L− 1 (60 m) and of 0.