2 (Thy1.2)-coated microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Germany). T cells from Thy1.1 mice were isolated with the Pan T Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec). In experiments involving the transfer of Thy1.1 T cells, all donor T cells were isolated with the Pan T Cell Isolation Kit. For adoptive transfer experiments, 1–3×107 T cells were i.v. transferred into recipient mice. In brief, 5×107 cells were incubated in 1 mL of 10 μM 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate N-succinimidyl ester (CFSE, Sigma) in PBS, 0.1% FCS for 10 min at 37°C. Labeling of cells was stopped by adding five volumes of ice-cold IMDM 10% FCS and washing three times with IMDM 10% FCS. Briefly, 2–3×107 Thy1.2-sorted splenocytes

from P14 TCRtg, P14×LMP7−/− TCRtg or P14×MECL-1−/− TCRtg mice were CFSE labeled and transferred i.v. into either naïve Thy1.1 mice or Thy1.1 mice that had been infected with 2×104 PFU LCMV-WE 24 h earlier. In total, 16 and 40 h after transfer, splenocytes were Navitoclax order analyzed with a FACSCalibur™ flow cytometer after RBC-lysis with 1.66% NH4Cl w/v and staining for CD8+ cells (APC rat anti-mouse CD8a, clone 53–6.7, BD Pharmingen). To determine the percentage of transferred cells currently undergoing apoptosis versus T cells that are already dead, the splenocytes have been stained

with PerCP rat anti-mouse CD8a (clone 53–6.7, BD Pharmingen), Annexin-V-Pacific Blue (Molecular Probes) and To-Pro-3 (Molecular Probes) after RBC-lysis. In this case, acquisition was done with the LSRII™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). To statistically assess Everolimus manufacturer differences between groups, Student’s

unpaired t-test was performed using the GraphPad software. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. The authors thank Ulrike Beck for excellent technical assistance. John Monaco and Oliver Planz are acknowledged for contributing gene targeted and transgenic mice; Dirk Busch is acknowledged for contributing recombinant Listeria. This work was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG) No. GR1517/4-1/2 and GR1517/5-1/2. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. ROS1 Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. “
“Interacting pathogens and hosts have evolved reciprocal adaptations whose function is to allow host exploitation (from the pathogen stand point) or minimize the cost of infection (from the host stand point). Once infected, two strategies are offered to the host: parasite clearing (resistance) and withstanding the infection while paying a low fitness cost (tolerance). In both cases, the immune system plays a central role. Interestingly, whatever the defence strategy adopted by the host, this is likely to have an effect on parasite evolution.