13C NMR spectrum of fraction in D2O (30 mg/mL) was obtained at 70 °C using a Bruker DRX 400 Avance spectrometer incorporating Fourier transform and chemical shifts are expressed in δ (ppm) relative to acetone (δ 30.2). High pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was carried out using a multidetection equipment previously described ( Vriesmann, Teófilo, et al., http://www.selleckchem.com/ATM.html 2011), where CA-HYP (filtered at 0.22 μm;

Millipore) was analyzed at 1.4 mg/mL in 0.1 M NaNO2 solution containing 0.5 g/L NaN3. The data were collected and processed by a Wyatt Technology ASTRA program. Rheological properties of CA-HYP were first studied in aqueous solution at 5 g/100 g. CA-HYP was solubilized in deionized water with stirring for 16 h at 25 °C and then rested for 4 h before rheological

analyses. In order to form gels, CA-HYP was solubilized at 1.0–1.6 g GalA/100 g final mixture in both deionized water and 0.1 mol/L NaCl at pH 5. The mixtures were heated and when they reached 60 °C, a pre-heated calcium solution (60 °C) was dropped into the mixtures under continuous stirring, in a concentration to reach R = 0.5 in the final gel, according to the stoichiometric ratio R = 2[Ca+2]/[COO−], which relates the concentration of Ca+2 to selleck chemicals the amount of non-esterified GalA residues ( Fraeye, Duvetter, Doungla, Van Loey, & Hendrickx, 2010). The mixtures were then boiled, cooled and kept under refrigeration. Tests with increasing pH and decreasing calcium content (until R = 0.2) were also carried out. Alternatively, CA-HYP at 0.99 g GalA/100 g pectin fraction was prepared under acidic pH (2.5–3.0) and high sucrose content (60 g/100 g).CA-HYP was solubilized in aqueous citric-acid solutions with stirring for 16 h at 25 °C, followed by the addition of sucrose during the heating of the mixtures. After boiling for 15 min with continuous stirring, sample was cooled to room temperature, pH was measured and it was stored under refrigeration

for 16 h. Rheological measurements were conducted in a Haake MARS rheometer coupled with a thermostatized bath HAAKE K15 and a DC5 heating circulator. The temperature of all analysis (25 °C) was controlled BCKDHA with a Peltier system (TC 81) and a Thermo Haake UTM. C60/2Ti or PP 35 Ti L spindles were employed in the analysis. Frequency sweeps were obtained in the range of 0.01–10 Hz within the linear viscoelastic region (obtained by strain sweep tests at 1 Hz). Flow curves were collected in the CR (controlled rate) mode, from 0.1 to 300 s−1 during 360 s. The software RheoWin 4.0 Data Manager was used to obtain the rheological and statistical parameters. All experiments were performed at least in duplicate and the results are the average values.