01). from the statistical analysis. Analyte concentrations were log 2-converted and

normalized to the mean for each analyte with variance −1 to +1. Although a large proportion of the detected proteins was found to be differentially expressed, the small sample size (10 subject per group) may have limited the statistical power and hampered discovery of additional T2D-specific proteins. The clinical characteristics for the 20 age- and BMI-matched participants (10 T2D and 10 NGT individuals) are reported in Table 1. The T2D patients exhibited impaired glucose tolerance as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), as well as increased fasting Navitoclax purchase plasma glucose concentration and elevated HbA1c levels

learn more compared to NGT subjects. Total cholesterol (mmol/L) and LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) levels were significantly lower in T2D than the NGT participants, possibly due to statin treatment in 30% of the T2D patients. Importantly, mRNA expression levels of selected metabolic genes or measures of in vitro lipid and glucose metabolism were not different between myotube cultures derived from the statin-treated versus non-treated subjects (data not shown). Patients included in the study controlled their diabetes with diet, metformin or sulfonylurea. None of the patients were receiving insulin therapy. To determine intrinsic differences in myotubes derived from T2D patients versus NGT subjects, mRNA expression of genes involved in insulin action and skeletal muscle differentiation were analyzed. Expression of desmin, myogenin, or insulin receptor mRNA did not differ in T2D versus NGT myotubes during differentiation (data not shown).

GLUT4 mRNA was not differently expressed in myotubes from T2D versus NGT subjects, but the expression of GLUT4mRNA was lower in myoblasts derived from T2D versus NGT subjects (Fig. 1A, p < 0.05 for T2D versus Exoribonuclease myoblasts). In addition, the mRNA expression of both IGF1R and Akt1 was significantly higher in myotubes from T2D versus NGT subjects ( Fig. 1B and C, respectively, p < 0.05). Thus, intrinsic molecular differences exist at the level of mRNA expression of some genes in myotubes derived from T2D patients. Metabolic properties were assessed to further investigate the intrinsic differences in myotubes derived from T2D patients versus NGT subjects. Differentiated myotubes were studied at baseline or following 6 h of insulin exposure (120 nM) for assessment of glucose incorporation into glycogen, lactate production, lipid (palmitate) oxidation, and phenylalanine incorporation into protein (Fig. 2A–D). At baseline, glycogen synthesis was significantly lower (19%) in myotubes derived from T2D versus NGT subjects (p < 0.05) ( Fig.