Several authors [2, 37, 38] described protective effect

of antibodies against experimental disseminated candidiasis in vivo. Prepared monoclonal antibodies showed enhanced ingestion and killing of yeast cells by PMN (MAb B6.1) or macrophages (MAb C7) in the presence of serum complement [37, 38]. They proposed that complement activation might contribute to the protection by antibodies in vivo and that during initiation of candidiasis protective antibodies induce prompt complement opsonization, which results into an association of Candida cells with host phagocytes. Non-protective antibodies may lead to reduced complement activation kinetics. According these results, we could assume enhanced candidacidal RG-7388 in vitro activity induced by serum opsonization in vitro as a possible precondition for protection in vivo. Differences concerning the antibody quantity, specificity and isotype composition of polyclonal sera could explain why antibody protection against Candida infection has been observed in some studies but not in the others. Presented study indicates limited effectiveness of branched α-mannooligosides to induce production of highly protective antibodies. Additional and more detailed immunomodulatory properties

investigation of α-mannooligosides of different structure should bring significant information to successful protective anti-Candida subcellular vaccine development. This project was supported by grants from Grant Agency of Slovak Academy of Sciences VEGA No.

2/0026/13, by the Slovak Research GSK1120212 and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV- 0032-06. This contribution is the result of the project implementation: Centre of excellence for Glycomics, ITMS 26240120031, supported by the Research & Development Operational Programme funded by the ERDF. “
“Biological Research Department, Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Germinal centers (GCs) are generally considered to be the sole site of memory B-cell generation. However, recent studies demonstrate that Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II memory B cells can also develop in response to a T-cell dependent (TD) antigen before the onset, and independently of, the GC reaction. These two classes of memory cells persist equally over long periods of time and attain functional maturation through distinct but related transcriptional programs. Although the development of both memory B-cell types requires classical T-cell help, the generation of GC-dependent memory B cells requires TFH-cell help, while the generation of GC-independent memory cells does not. These findings led to the conclusion that B-cell memory is generated along two fundamentally distinct cellular differentiation pathways. In this review, we focus on the GC-independent pathway of memory B-cell development, and discuss how the unique features of memory B cells are maintained in the GC-independent pathway.