To increase knowledge and awareness about hepatitis B and hepatitis C in at-risk populations and the general population, the committee recommends: The CDC should work with key stakeholders to develop, coordinate, and evaluate innovative and effective outreach and education programs to target at-risk populations and to increase awareness in the general population about hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The programs should Crizotinib cell line be linguistically and culturally appropriate and should integrate viral hepatitis and liver-health education into other health programs that serve at-risk populations. They should: (1) Promote better understanding of

HBV and HCV infections, transmission, prevention, and treatment in the at-risk and general populations. The longstanding availability of effective hepatitis B vaccines makes the elimination of new HBV infections possible, particularly in children. As noted above, about

1,000 newborns are infected by their HBV-positive mothers at birth each year in the U.S. That number has not declined in the last decade. To prevent transmission selleck inhibitor of HBV from mothers to newborns, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that infants born to mothers who are positive for hepatitis B surface antigen receive hepatitis B immune globulin and a first dose of the hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. To improve adherence to that guideline, the committee recommends: All infants weighing at least 2,000 g and born to hepatitis B surface antigen–positive women should receive single-antigen hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin in the delivery room as soon as they are stable and washed. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends administration of the hepatitis B vaccine series to unvaccinated children under 19 years old. School-entry mandates have been shown to increase

hepatitis B vaccination rates and to reduce disparities in vaccination rates. Overall, hepatitis B vaccination rates in school-age children are high, but coverage click here varies among states. Additionally, there are racial and ethnic disparities in childhood vaccination rates—Asian and Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and African American children have lower vaccination rates than non-Hispanic white children. Regarding vaccination of children, the committee recommends: All states should mandate that the hepatitis B vaccine series be completed or in progress as a requirement for school attendance. Hepatitis B vaccination for adults is directed at high-risk groups—people at risk for HBV infection from infected sex partners, from IDU, from occupational exposure to infected blood or body fluids, and from travel to regions that have high or intermediate HBV endemicity. Only about half the adults at high risk for HBV infection receive the vaccine.