Because SHAPS scores demonstrated a small, but significant association with PANAS-NA, any associations demonstrated between the SHAPS and the measures of smoking motivation could potentially be explained by covariance accounted for by affective distress. Accordingly, these correlations were recomputed as partial correlations, which adjusted for PANAS-NA scores, Erlotinib price to examine if associations were specific to the appetitive aspect of anhedonia and not explained by any potential overlap with aversive affect. Although the PANAS-positive affect scale was also measured at baseline, analyses do not control for this variable because the constructs of positive affect and anhedonia are strongly overlapping. Similarly, analyses do not control for overall depressive symptoms because measures of depressive symptomatology typically include items assessing anhedonia and positive affect.

Thus, covaring for positive affect or depressive symptoms may partial out relevant variance linked with the appetitive aspects of the anhedonia construct. Rather, we control only for NA in order to partial out irrelevant variance overlapping with aversive affect. The above analyses used all participants who completed the baseline session (N = 212), with the exception of correlations with number of sustained cessation periods and proportion of early lapses (only participants who made at least one cessation attempt completed the number of sustained cessation periods item; n=102). Analyses of experimental session data. In the larger study from which this sample was drawn (Leventhal, Waters, et al.

, 2008), a subset of participants did not complete the experimental session (n=50) or did not meet criteria for biochemical confirmation of either smoking in the nondeprived group (CO��9 ppm) or abstinence in the deprived group (CO < 9 ppm; n=42) and were therefore excluded from the analyses of experimental session data. The final sample used in the experimental session analyses consisted of 69 nondeprived smokers and 51 deprived smokers. Participants who did not meet biochemical abstinence criteria were more likely to be male and were heavier, more chronic, and more dependent smokers than those who met biochemical abstinence criteria. These two groups were not significantly different on SHAPS and PANAS-NA scores at baseline (ps>.87).

In addition, the pattern of findings was not substantially altered when both groups were included Cilengitide in the analyses. Therefore, the experimental session analyses presented herein utilize the sample of compliant study completers. To examine whether anhedonia moderated the effects of deprivation on craving, we ran regression models in which the continuous variable of SHAPS scores, Group (deprived vs. nondeprived), and the SHAPS �� Group interaction term were independent variables and craving was the dependent variable. Separate models were run for the dependent variables of QSU-Total, QSU-Factor 1, and QSU-Factor 2.