Moreover, the CD spectrum of NA-CATH:ATRA1-ATRA1 in SDS was comparable to that of selleck screening library NA-CATH in TFE, suggesting that the alterations made in the sequence of NA-CATH:ATRA1-ATRA1 significantly increased its propensity for forming Bucladesine cell line helical structure. When the peptide sequences are projected on a helical wheel (Figure 4B), the contribution of the substitutions at positions 18 and 25 to a potential hydrophobic face of the NA-CATH:ATRA1-ATRA1 peptide are observed at the top of the helical wheel diagram.

On net, the Ala->Phe and Pro->Leu substitutions at positions 18 and 25, respectively, increase the hydrophobicity at those positions, which may improve the interactions between the peptides and the hydrophobic tails in surfactant micelles (and lipid membranes), further stabilizing helical structure in NA-CATH:ATRA1-ATRA1 when interacting with anionic surfactants or lipids. Similarly, if the

ATRA2 and ATRA1 peptides are projected individually in helical wheel format, the contribution of these two positions can be seen to the potential hydrophobic peptide face of each peptide (Figure 4C). ATRA-1 may present a more helical face that is also significantly more uniform than that of ATRA-2, with the side chain of phenylalanine Fulvestrant chemical structure at the 3rd position of ATRA-1 exhibiting significantly greater hydrophobic character than the alanine residue at the same position in ATRA-2. Discussion In this study, we tested the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to an elapid snake-derived cathelicidin, NA-CATH, as well as related novel, synthetic peptides and compared the performance of these peptides to that of the human cathelicidin LL-37. We demonstrated that LL-37 has similar potency in vitro against S. aureus to NA-CATH, as opposed to our earlier findings for E. coli and other 5-FU datasheet gram-negative bacteria where we determined NA-CATH to be more potent than LL-37 [25, 26]. The EC50 values were

converted from μg/ml to μM to reflect the number of molecules of peptide and to accommodate the different molecular weights of the peptides. Therefore, on a molar basis, LL-37 was slightly (2.4-fold) more effective against S. aureus than the NA-CATH, but the difference was not statistically significant. The EC50 for the D-enantiomer, D-LL-37, was found to be ~10 fold higher than for LL-37, suggesting that it is less effective as an antimicrobial peptide under these conditions for S. aureus. Three 11-residue peptides based on the ATRA motifs of the NA-CATH sequence (ATRA-1, ATRA-2, and ATRA-1A) were compared. The three ATRA peptides all had a nominal charge of +8 at pH 7, and their sequences differed only by the residues at the 3rd (F/A) and 10th position (L/P). On a molar basis, ATRA-1 is significantly more potent against S. aureus than ATRA-2, by ~10-fold.