Apoptosis is a basic biological process that promotes survival of the organism at the expense of individual cells. It is widely used by multicellular organisms to remove undesirable cells without injuring neighboring cells or eliciting an inflammatory reaction [32]. Nevertheless,

tumor cells can evade apoptosis, and thus perturb the balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation [14]. Because cytotoxic drugs and radiation therapy induce tumor cells to die by apoptosis, understanding the mechanisms involved in the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in glioblastomas may identify target molecules for molecular therapies. The activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway following Fas binding Dabrafenib nmr has been well characterized [1] and [40]. Fas ligand (FasL) is a type II membrane protein with an intracellular domain that contains consensus sequences for phosphorylation and an extended proline-rich region that tightly regulates FasL surface expression in the nervous system [41]. Fas (APO-1/CD95) is a 48-kDa type I membrane protein with a cysteine-rich extracellular domain of 155 amino acids. find more The triggering of Fas by its ligand induces apoptosis in target cells. Although Fas

is ubiquitous in human tissues, it is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells and injured tissues [29]. The oligomerization of Fas by FasL recruits the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) to the death domain (DD) of the Fas intracellular region [4] and [7]. Procaspase-8 (FLICE/MACH1/Mch5), in turn, associates with FADD to form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), whereby procaspase-8 converts itself to an active cleaved form [4] and [27]. Next, the cleaved caspase-8 activates the downstream effector, caspase-3 [21]. Previous reports have demonstrated that the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is severely inhibited in high-grade gliomas [2], [13], [14], [16], [19], [26],

[33], [35] and [44]. Several findings Anidulafungin (LY303366) have indicated that the deregulation of apoptosis is involved in the development of malignant gliomas. The upregulated expression of FasL and downregulated expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8 in malignant glioma cells are involved in gliomagenesis [19] and [42]. For example, FasL is implicated in glioblastoma growth and invasion through the induction of apoptosis in infiltrating lymphocytes, which facilitate the evasion of the immune system by the tumor [19]. In addition, it has been shown that glioblastomas are resistant to Fas-related apoptosis, showing absent or low levels of caspases-8 and caspase-3 [2], [33], [38] and [42].